| The Illusion of ‘Now’ | Carl Taylor | TEDxPCLWhat if everything we experienced had already happened? Well… it has. The half-second delay is a very real phenomenon that explains the process from something happening to it registering in the human brain. What’s more, the same is true of our actions. Do humans really have free will, or are we defined by pattern? After a career in business …www.youtube.com |
Reverse Mentoring
Reverse Mentoring
Traditional mentoring involves someone with greater experience developing a less experienced person, with its origins often cited as being in ancient Greece from where the term is derived.
During the pre-industrial age, when craft work was the norm, mentors would typically be master craftsmen that would support apprentices on their professional journey, i.e. apprentice – journeyman – craftsman – master craftsmen. Such journeys would often culminate in membership of a professional guild … and an attendant responsibility to mentor the next generation of craft workers. Such practices were well suited to a world in which technological, social and intra-generational change progressed at a slow pace and the skills and practices learned by one generation were relevant to the world occupied by successive generations.
Reverse Mentoring is a relatively new concept brought about by:
- The rapid (inter-generational) evolution of new and emerging technologies, and
- A separate but related acceleration of social change and the expectations held by different generations (often exemplified by the profile descriptions of ‘Baby Boomers’, ‘Generation X’ and ‘Millennials’ – see box below).
Changing aspirations – introducing the Millennials
Baby Boomers (b. 1946 – 1965) are currently the largest generation of active workers. Research has shown that boomers identify their strengths as optimism and a willingness to work long hours. This generation grew up in organizations with large corporate hierarchies (Achievement-driven organizations). In contrast, many Generation X employees (b. 1966 – 1985) will have experienced flatter management structures and teamwork-based job roles (Pluralistic organizations). But our emerging experience of Millennials (b. 1986 – 2005) is that they have a different outlook on what they expect from their employment experience.
Millennials are generally well educated, skilled in technology, self-confident and able to multi-task. They have high expectations for themselves, and prefer to work collegiately rather than as individuals. Furthermore, Millennials have grown up in the disruptive world of the internet and social media, where people’s influence is based on their current contribution and reputation, not a position established over a period of time.
Millennials seek challenges, yet work/life balance is of major importance to them. They don’t share the Baby Boomers’ belief that hard work and long hours will bring rewards over an extended career. And in a world where the more senior individuals are Baby Boomers who are managing individuals and teams composed of Generation X’ers and Millennials, misaligned expectations can create misaligned workforces. Unsurprisingly, Baby Boomer managers have less issues with Generation X staff and more issues with Millennial staff.
The Millennial Generation is the largest age group to emerge since the baby boom generation and, as this group grows significantly as a proportion and become increasingly senior members of the workforce over the next 20 years, organizations and their leaders will need to make adjustments in their engagement models. Employers will want to consider carefully what strategies they will use to motivate, cultivate and retain valuable Millennial employees now and into the future.
Given the different, but related, accelerated changes in society and the workplace (in technologies and in intra-generational expectations of life and work), Reverse Mentoring has two potential areas of focus when practiced within an organization.
Technology focus
Millennials are so-called ‘digital natives’, and adapt seamlessly.
- How technology is currently being used (e.g. ‘Facebook’ replaced by ‘Instagram’ … ‘Messages’ replaced by ‘What’s App’ … for both individual and group communications).
- Increasing use of search engines for ‘just-in-time’ information, choices, decision-making and learning.
Social Values focus
Changing attitudes to work and working relationships have changed significantly over the one to two decades.
- Insights into the lives and experiences of different age groups/genders/lifestyle/ethnic backgrounds.
- Understanding what is important in the working environment for different age groups.
- Accessing what people need to feel comfortable to be themselves and make their best contribution in a business environment.
- Fine-tuning how to improve inclusion.
As mentioned earlier, a true understanding between Millennials and Baby Boomers creates the greatest challenge … on the face of it each generation typically does not ‘get’ what the other is truly about … and why. Some more enlightened business are adopting Reverse Mentoring as means of bridging the gap.
The major challenge of Reverse Mentoring is to establish an open and honest relationship that will accommodate authentic discussion and create a joint learning experience.
Ground rules to creating an open environment to facilitate learning
- Agree the broad Purpose for engaging in the relationship, i.e. “To facilitate the building of an inclusive, authentic and trusting environment that will enable more senior members of staff to have broader perspectives when making decisions”.
- Agree what each person wants to achieve specifically and how success will be measured
- Meet regularly (monthly?) off site
- Agree confidentiality
- Acknowledge likely unconscious biases and sensitivities on both sides
- Agree how disagreements and sensitivities will be handled
- Run for 6 months and then stand back and evaluate effectiveness
Likely topics
- Communication styles
- Cultural knowledge – how well do reverse-mentees know their teams
- Leadership – uncomfortable situations for reverse-mentees
- Social ‘no-no’s’ – things that can’t be explored in the wider environment
Roles
Reverse-mentee
- Take the initiative to set it up. Book the meetings.
- Be prepared to step outside your comfort zone.
- Be willing to explore alternative views and be open to challenges.
- Agree the topics of conversation ahead of the meeting.
- Apply the value of the reverse-mentor’s experience to your own thinking.
- Respect confidentiality.
- Be honest.
- Ensure the reverse-mentor remains ‘safe’, i.e. never feels they’ve ‘put their foot in it’ with the boss!
Reverse-mentor
- Encourage reflection and analysis in your reverse-mentee.
- Explore scenarios in your experience but not necessarily in the reverse-mentee’s.
- Act as a sounding board and challenge assumptions and behaviours constructively.
- Help your reverse-mentee reach their own decisions.
- Be honest.
Reinventing Organisations: The Future of Organisation Design
Reinventing Organizations
1. Introduction
According to Frederic Laloux (Reinventing Organizations: A Guide to Creating Organizations by the Next Stage of Human Consciousness), the ways in which we experience and view organizations is on the threshold of the next revolution. Anthropological research suggests this is a natural next step in a process that began more than 100,000 years ago and there have been, according to this view, at least five distinct organizational paradigms in human history.
A small but increasing number of organizations, from a wide range of sectors, have already crossed the new threshold and are operating significantly different structures and practices in line with the ‘new way’. These pioneers are evidencing how we can better deal with the complexity of our times in radically new ways. And, critically, they are showing how work can become a place of personal fulfillment and growth for a new generation that is demanding more than a salary in return for their best efforts. In contrast to traditional models of organization, these pioneers are beginning to make the majority of today’s organizations look painfully outdated.
- A Brief History of Organizational Paradigms
In describing organizational evolution, a core assumption is that human societies, like individuals, don’t grow in a linear fashion but in stages of increasing maturity, consciousness, and complexity. Various scholars have assigned different names to these stages, in part dependent on their founding discipline, e.g. anthropology, sociology, philosophy, etc. For example, philosopher Ken Wilber, in his ‘integral theory’, uses colours to identify stages of human development in a sequence that evokes the light spectrum. I have included three naming schemes in this paper, drawn from sociology, philosophy and anthropology. (see Appendix 1).
2.1 Impulsive-Red or ‘Wolf Pack’
In the beginning, Homo sapiens (and their ancestors) organized themselves in small tribes. Around 10,000 years ago, humanity started organizing itself into chiefdoms and proto-empires. With this shift away from small tribes, the division of labour came into being — a breakthrough development for its time. With it came the first real organizations, in the form of small conquering armies. These Impulsive-Red, Wolf Pack organizations, are crude, often violent groups. People at this stage of development tend to regard the world as a tough place where only the powerful (or those they protect) get their needs met. This was the origin of command authority. The chief, like the alpha male in a wolf pack, needs to constantly inspire fear to keep underlings in line, and often relies on family members in the hope that they can be trusted. Today’s street gangs and crime syndicates are often organized along these lines.
2.2 Conformist-Amber or ‘Army’
Starting around 4000 BC in Mesopotamia, humanity entered the Conformist-Amber age of agriculture, state bureaucracies, and organized religion. Psychologically, this leap was enormous: people learned to exercise self-discipline and self-control, internalizing the strong group norms of all agricultural societies. Do what’s right and you’ll be rewarded, in this life or the next. Do or say the wrong things, and you will be excommunicated from the group.
All agrarian societies are divided into clearly delineated castes. They thrive on order, control, and hierarchy. In organizations, the same principles characterise the Conformist-Amber stage. The fluid, scheming wolf-pack-like Impulsive-Red organizations give way to static, stratified pyramids. The Catholic Church is an archetypal Conformist-Amber organization, complete with a static organization chart linking all levels of activity in lines and boxes, from the Pope at the top to the cardinals below and down to the archbishops, bishops, and priests. Historically, the invention of formal roles and hierarchies was a major breakthrough. It allowed organizations to scale beyond anything Impulsive-Red society could have contemplated. Conformist-Amber organizations produced the pyramids, irrigation systems, cathedrals, the Great Wall of China, and other structures and feats that were previously unthinkable. They also considerably reduced Impulsive-Red violence; a priest whose role is defined by a box in an organization chart doesn’t scheme to backstab a bishop who shows a sign of weakness. A second breakthrough was the invention of stable, replicable processes, such as the yearly cycle of planting, growing, and harvest in agriculture.
Today, this hierarchical and process-driven model is visible in large bureaucratic enterprises, many government agencies, and most education and military organizations. In Conformist-Amber organizations, thinking and execution are strictly separated. People at the bottom must be instructed through command and control. In today’s fast-changing, knowledge-based economy, this static, top-down conception of management has proven to be inefficient; it wastes the talent, creativity, and energy of most people in these organizations.
2.3 Achievement-Orange or ‘Machine’
Starting with the Renaissance, and gaining momentum with the Enlightenment and the early Industrial Revolution, a new management concept emerged that challenged its agrarian predecessor. In the Achievement-Orange paradigm, the world is no longer governed by absolute, God-given rules; it is a complex mechanism that can be understood and exploited through scientific and empirical investigation. Effectiveness replaces morality as the yardstick for decision making: the best decision is the one that results the highest reward. The goal in an Achievement-Orange organization is to get ahead, to succeed in socially acceptable ways, and to best play the cards it is dealt. This is arguably the predominant perspective of most leaders in business and politics today.
The leap to Achievement-Orange coincided with three significant management breakthroughs that gave us the modern organization. First was the concept of innovation, which brought with it new departments such as R&D, product management, and marketing, as well as project teams and cross-functional initiatives. Second was accountability, which provided leaders with an alternative to commanding people, i.e. giving them goals or targets to reach and providing freedom and rewards to motivate them. This breakthrough, sometimes called management by objectives, led to the creation of modern HR practices, budgets, KPIs, annual evaluations, bonus systems, and share options. Third was meritocracy, the idea that anyone could rise to any position based on his or her qualifications and skills — a radical concept when it appeared.
The transition to Achievement-Orange brought a new prevailing metaphor. A good organization is not a wolf pack or army, but a machine. Corporate leaders adopted engineering terms to describe their work: they designed the company using inputs and outputs, information flows and bottlenecks; they downsized the staff and reengineered their companies. Most large, mainstream publicly listed companies operate with Achievement-Orange management practices.
In just two centuries, these breakthroughs have generated unprecedented levels of prosperity, added decades to human life expectancy, and dramatically reduced famine and plague in the industrialized world. But as the Achievement-Orange paradigm grew dominant, it also encouraged short-term thinking, corporate greed, overconsumption, and the reckless exploitation of the planet’s resources and ecosystems. Increasingly, whether we are powerful leaders or front-line employees, many of us feel that this paradigm isn’t sustainable. The heartless and soulless rat race of Achievement-Orange organizations has us yearning for more!
2.4 Pluralistic-Green or ‘Family’
Postmodernity brought us another world view. The Pluralistic-Green stage stresses cooperation over competition and strives for equality, solidarity, and tolerance. Historically, this perspective inspired the fights for the abolition of slavery and for gender equality. Today it helps combat racism, homophobia and other forms of discrimination. Pluralistic-Green organizations, which include many nonprofits as well as companies such as Microsoft, Sony, and Apple, consider social responsibility the core of their mission. They serve not just shareholders but all stakeholders, knowing that this often results in higher costs in the short term, but better returns in the end.
Pluralistic-Green leaders have championed the soft aspects of business — investing in organizational culture and values, coaching, mentoring and teamwork — over the hard aspects of strategy and budgeting so prized in Achievement-Orange organizations. Family is their metaphor; everyone’s voice should be heard and respected. You can’t treat knowledge workers like cogs in a machine. Empowerment and egalitarian management are among the breakthroughs they introduced.
But, unfortunately, experience shows that empowerment and egalitarian management are hard to sustain. Efforts to make everyone equal often lead to hidden power struggles, dominant actors coopting the system and organizational gridlock. Pluralistic-Green companies, universities, and organizations that take egalitarianism too far have tended to get bogged down in debate and factionalism. Successful Pluralistic-Green companies maintain a careful balance: taming the traditional hierarchy through constant investment in training and culture; reminding leaders and managers to wield their power carefully; raising the skills of people on the front lines.
All of these organizational paradigms (Impulsive-Red, Conformist-Amber, Achievement-Orange, Pluralistic-Green) coexist today. In any major town or city one can find Impulsive-Red organizations (entities at the fringes of the law), Conformist-Amber organizations (public schools and other government entities), Achievement-Orange organizations (‘City’ and Canary Wharf companies), and Pluralistic-Green organizations (values-driven businesses and many nonprofits). Look closely at how an organization operates – its structure, leadership style, or any core management process – and you can quickly assess the dominant paradigm. Take terms and conditions, for example: how are people rewarded? In an Impulsive-Red company, the boss shares the spoils as s/he pleases, buying allegiance through reward and punishment. In Conformist-Amber organizations, salaries are tightly linked to a person’s level in the hierarchy and there are no incentives or bonuses (same rank, same pay). Achievement-Orange companies offer individual incentives to reward star performers, while Pluralistic-Green companies generally award team bonuses to encourage cooperation.
Today, in small but increasing numbers, leaders are evolving into the next stage of consciousness, beyond Pluralistic-Green. They are reflective, not needing to control their environment and those within it. They engage with the deeper parts of themselves. They develop an ethic of mutual trust and assumed abundance. They ground their decision making in an inner measure of integrity. They are ready for the next organizational paradigm … Evolutionary-Teal.
- The Next Step – Evolutionary-Teal or ‘Living Organism’
In 2012, Frederic Laloux set out to find some examples of Evolutionary-Teal organizations and describe the factors that set them apart. To qualify, an organization had to employ a minimum of 100 people and had to have been operating for a minimum of five years in ways that were consistent with the characteristics of an Evolutionary-Teal stage of human development. After screening a great number of organizations he focused on twelve, selecting those that were most advanced in reinventing management structures and practices.
Ten of the organizations Laloux identified that to this day remain ‘Evolutionary-Teal’, are:
- Buurtzorg: a Netherlands-based healthcare nonprofit that is restructuring the way client-centred, home-based healthcare is being delivered throughout the country.
- ESBZ: a publicly financed school in Berlin, covering grades seven to twelve, which has attracted international attention for its innovative curriculum and organizational model.
- FAVI: a brass foundry in France, which produces (among other things) gearbox forks for the automotive industry, and has about 500 employees.
- Heiligenfeld: a 600-employee mental health hospital system, based in central Germany, which applies a holistic approach to patient care.
- Morning Star: a U.S.-based tomato processing company with 400 to 2,400 employees (depending on the season) and a 30 to 40 percent share of the North American market.
- Patagonia: a US$540 million manufacturer of climbing gear and outdoor apparel; based in California and employing 1,300 people. Dedicated to being a positive influence on the natural environment.
- Resources for Human Development (RHD): a 4,000-employee nonprofit social services agency operating in 14 states in the U.S., providing services related to addiction recovery, homelessness, and mental disabilities.
- Sounds True: a publisher of multimedia offerings related to spirituality and personal development, with 90 employees in the United States.
- Sun Hydraulics: a maker of hydraulic cartridge valves and manifolds, with factories in the U.S., the U.K., Germany, and Korea employing about 900 people.
- Holacracy: a management system first developed at the Philadelphia-based software company Ternary, which has been adopted by a few hundred profit and not-for-profit organizations around the world, most famously by Zappos.
The remaining two identified by Laloux, AES and BSO/Origin, reverted back to more traditional management practices after a change of ownership/CEO.
During his primary research, Laloux was struck by the diversity of these organizations. They included public, private, for-profit and nonprofit organizations in sectors as diverse as consumer products, industrial manufacture, healthcare, retail, and education. Typically, the leaders of these companies didn’t know about one another. They often thought they were the only ones to be so bold (or foolhardy!) as to rethink their management practices in fundamental ways. Yet, after much trial and error, they came up with strikingly similar approaches to management.
Like previous leaps to new stages of management, the new model comes with a number of important breakthroughs:
- Self-management. Evolutionary-Teal organizations operate effectively, even on a large scale, with a system based on peer relationships. They set up structures and practices in which people have high autonomy in their domain and are accountable for coordinating with others. Power and control are deeply embedded throughout the organizations, no longer tied to the specific positions of a few top leaders.
- Wholeness. Whereas Achievement-Orange and Pluralistic-Green organizations encourage people to show only their narrow “professional” selves, Evolutionary-Teal organizations invite people to engage their fuller capabilities, interests and aspirations. They create an environment wherein people feel free to fully express themselves, bringing unprecedented levels of energy, passion, and creativity to work.
- Evolutionary purpose. Evolutionary-Teal organizations have an emergent direction of their own with fluid strategies based on what they sense their operating environment is asking of them. They are highly agile with practices that ‘sense and respond’. The Achievement-Orange machinery of plans, budgets, targets, and incentives are to rigid and disconnected with adaptation in real time. And, paradoxically, by focusing less on the bottom line and shareholder value, and more on how to best contribute to their primary purpose within a constantly changing environment, they generate financial results that outpace those of competitors.
- The Necessary Conditions for Evolutionary-Teal
Research suggests that there are two necessary conditions for developing an Evolutionary-Teal organization.
- Top leadership. The chief executive must have an integrated world view and level of psychological development that is consistent with the Evolutionary-Teal paradigm. And it is helpful if a few close colleagues share this perspective.
- The owners, trustees and/or non-executive directors of the organization must also understand and embrace Evolutionary-Teal world views. Board members who don’t get it can temporarily give an Evolutionary-Teal leader free rein. But when the organization hits a rough patch or faces a critical choice, they will want to regain control in the only way that makes most sense to them, e.g. appointing a CEO who exerts top-down, hierarchical authority!
But what about businesses, nonprofits, schools, hospitals, government agencies, and other organizations where these conditions are not in place? Can any manager, or team, hope to influence an entire enterprise by modelling Evolutionary-Teal practices locally? As much as Laloux would like to believe this is possible, he expresses skepticism. However, some elements of Self-management can be introduced by a series of informed experiments.
For example, instead of having imposed targets from above, members of a team can determine which targets they will work towards on the basis of their own understanding and agreement of what will best serve the organization’s mission. Thereafter, through peer-based processes that develop within the team, and extend beyond the team, they can take responsibility for achieving their aspirations for their customers, themselves and the organization as a whole.
The full benefits of Evolutionary-Teal, of course, accrue to those organizations that fully embrace the new paradigm. In the past, with every change in consciousness (from Impulsive-Red to Conformist-Amber to Achievement-Orange and to Pluralistic-Green), more powerful and life-enhancing forms of management have emerged. After the full emergence of the Evolutionary-Teal paradigm, we will probably look back and find the organizational forms and practices of the late 20th and early 21st century alienating and unfulfilling.
In summary, Laloux’s message is that we are at, or we are fast approaching, a tipping point where it’s time to stop trying to fine-tune the old models and instead make the leap to one that will be better suited to the complexity and challenges of our times, and – critically – to the aspirations a new generation of employees have for their working lives (see box on next page).
- Facilitating Development in the Direction of Evolutionary-Teal
The ideas that have been introduced and explored in this paper are not complete until each of us further develops them within our own individual and organizational contexts. That said, a team or organization can’t be forced into Evolutionary-Teal management. But the conditions can be created in which Evolutionary-Teal is more likely to evolve. To create these conditions, e.g. within a willing team, two parallel approaches are suggested:
- Informed experiments: allow them to engage in a series of informed experiments based on the three Evolutionary-Teal breakthroughs (Self-management, Wholeness, Purpose), with the outcome of each experiment building on the results of its predecessor. Appendices 1 to 3 offer some options and ideas.
- Protocols and procedures: in parallel with the implementation of the informed experiments, introduce just enough protocols and procedures to help structure critical activities such as role clarification, decision-making, reviewing performance and managing conflict. Appendices 3a – 3d offer some starting points.
Introducing the Millennial generation – and the new challenge of leadership
The Baby Boom generation (b. 1946 – 1965) are currently the largest generation of active workers. Research has shown that those of this generation identify their strengths as optimism and a willingness to work long hours. This generation grew up in organizations with large corporate hierarchies (Achievement-Orange organizations). In contrast, many Generation X employees (b. 1966 – 1985) will have experienced flatter management structures and teamwork-based job roles (Pluralistic-Green organizations).
But our emerging experience of the Millennial generation (b. 1986 – 2005) is that they have a different outlook on what they expect from their employment experience. Millennials are generally well educated, skilled in technology, self-confident, able to multi-task, and have plenty of energy. They have high expectations for themselves, and prefer to work in teams rather than as individuals. Millennials seek challenges, yet work/life balance is of major importance to them.
The Millennial generation is the largest age group to emerge since the Baby Boom generation and, as this group grows significantly as a proportion of the workforce over the next 10 years, organizations will need to make major adjustments in their engagement models. Employers will have to consider carefully what strategies they will use to motivate, cultivate and retain valuable Millennial employees now and into the future.
But a significant barrier to timely change still remains. Many organizational leaders and human resource managers complain that the new generation coming into the workforce are hard to manage. This is the wrong starting point! The hard fact is that the Millennial generation has grown up in the disruptive world of the internet and social media, where people’s influence is based on contribution and reputation, not position.
Many current leaders are drawn from the tail-end of the Baby Boom generation and continue to be command and control driven, i.e. operating in much the same way as they have done since gaining their leadership positions within predominantly Achievement-Orange organizations.
In order to adapt to the emerging needs of today’s post-industrial world, characterized by increasing complexity, enhanced transparency, greater interconnection, shorter time horizons, economic and environmental instability and the rising expectations of consumers, leaders must re-think their role and practice at the most fundamental level.
As Generation X leaders increasingly replace the Baby Boom generation of leaders, a leadership population is emerging that is better positioned developmentally (as ‘natural’ Pluralistic-Greens) to both adapt to the external changes in their operating environments (driven by networks and technology) and to the internal changes in their workforce (driven by a higher presence of the Millennial generation). But we may have to wait until the Milliennial generation populate leadership positions to see the true revolution that enables surviving organizations to adapt and flex at the pace and degree necessary to thrive. In the meantime, many organizations may cease to exist … or be acquired by those that innovate more quickly.
My final offering in this paper takes the form of three questions to ask of yourself.
If not this, what?
If not now, when?
If not me, who?
Appendix 1: Successive Stages of Organizational Evolution
Introduction to Appendices 2a to 2c
Appendices 2a to 2c are starting points for exploring the potential for your team or organization to explore its potential for Evolutionary-Teal management. Organized nominally under the three breakthrough categories associated with Evolutionary-Teal, namely ‘Self-management’, ‘Wholeness’ and ‘Evolutionary Purpose’, the ideas these Appendices contain can be taken-up, ignored, built upon or used as a stimulus for ideas and alternative experiments of your own. Those ideas that ‘make it’ to actions, i.e. form the basis for informed experiments, can be advanced by individuals, sub-groups or the team as a whole. Nobody is in charge. Anybody can lead.
Appendix 2a: Informed Experiments in Self-management
Self-management
- Describe the ground rules you would individually and collectively need to honour if your team were to be the best it could be under self-management. Share with your colleagues and agree next steps.
- Design a poster that captures your team’s ground rules for working as a self-managed team … share with your colleagues … agree the final design and content. Agree what to do with the end product.
- Think about your team’s approach to meetings. What might this be in the future?
- Produce something that captures your contribution to the team and the service it delivers. Consider how you will know, on a regular basis, how well you’re doing.
- Outline your core, peripheral and ‘can-also-do-to-help-out-others’ roles and responsibilities. Share and consolidate as appropriate.
- Identify two or three quick-win improvements … action them (JDI!) … tell those who need to know (i.e. those who will be directly impacted upon). See who notices the improvements!
- Renegotiate your role within the team with one or more of your peers. If feasible, establish success measures and a review date.
- Establish some realistic but stretchy team performance metrics with your colleagues (within the team and those who are impacted upon by your performance).
- Carry out a team based performance review (see Appendix 3c).
Appendix 2b: Informed Experiments in Wholeness
Wholeness
- In conjunction with your peers, share your personal values and how these translate into the ground rules by which you work individually and collectively.
- How can you bring ‘more of yourself’ to work? After reflecting on your answer, what will you do?
- Experiment with having some quiet reflective time with your team members. No pre-planned agenda necessary, just the will to be patient and listen for what comes up.
- Consider how you might best benefit from coaching … with peers and/or with an external coach.
- Consider how you might best benefit from team coaching sessions.
- Have a storytelling session with your colleagues to support self-disclosure and build community within your team.
- What unique contribution could you make to the team and/or the services it provides? What will you do about making this real and sustainable?
- Hold honest discussions with your colleagues about individual time commitments to work vs other meaningful commitments in life.
- Make a commitment to devote time to bring to light and address conflicts … or conflicts that may be in the pipeline (see Appendix 3d).
- Identify and then act upon any training/development needs you have.
Appendix 2c: Informed Experiments in Evolutionary Purpose
Evolutionary Purpose
- Put into your own words the purpose of your team. Find a way of displaying this as the current base-camp for your journey towards Evolutionary-Teal.
- Make a note of the prompts you are receiving from the outside world. Do something in response.
- Make a note of the prompts you are receiving from within your team. Do something in response.
- Consider your suppliers.
– What more can you do for them?
– What more can they do for you?
– How could you further improve the relationship?
- Consider your primary customers.
– What more can you do for them?
– What more can they do for you?
– How could you further improve the relationship?
- Consider your competitors.
– What can you do for them?
– What can they do for you?
– How could you become allies?
- Explore how your personal and professional offer to the team is aligned with its purpose. Find a way of sharing the story of your exploration.
- Explore how deeply the team’s offer to its customers is aligned with its purpose. Find a way of sharing the story of your exploration as widely (and appropriately!) as possible.
- Come up with a workable solution to a current frustration, challenge or opportunity. Then JDI!
- Do something that exemplifies adaptation.
- When making a choice between options, ask … “Which option will best serve the organization’s/team’s purpose?”
- When prioritising your work (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, annually), ask … “What choice of what to do now will best serve the teams’s purpose?”
- When making and investment (of time, money or resource), ask … “What choice of investment will best serve the organization’s purpose?”
Introduction to Appendices 3a to 3d
The aim of Appendices 3a to 3d is to introduce just enough protocols and procedures to help structure the critical activities of your team as it explores its potential for Evolutionary-Teal management, i.e.
Appendix 3a: Clarifying or revising existing roles within the team
Appendix 3b: Decision-making
Appendix 3c: Team Performance Reviews
Appendix 3d: Managing conflict
The content of these Appendices are starting points and can be revised as the team decrees. Other protocols will be required in time if the team to function at its highest level, as measured by customer, team and staff satisfaction levels. But these can evolve organically as needs emerge.
For now, these four ‘starter’ protocols, in conjunction with the informed experiments outlined in Appendices 2a to 2c, should be enough to get the team started on its journey towards Evolutionary-Teal.
Appendix 3a: Clarifying or revising existing roles within the team
Clarifying or revising existing roles within the team
In a highly functional self-managing team, rigid job descriptions are anathema! Rather, each team member has a number of roles they agree with others and commit to fulfil.
Thereafter, in the light of experience, these roles transform (with agreement) to best meet the team’s purpose and aspirations. And all this happens organically, without a fanfare!
Adopting a semi-structured approach, roles can be defined by each team member’s knowledge of what needs to happen and how, supplemented by bouncing ideas of the relevant people who are impacted by the team member’s contribution to the team and organization as a whole. To get the ball rolling, organizations that have effectively implemented Evolutionary-Teal have initiated so called ‘Colleague Letters of Understanding’. To produce a Colleague Letter of Understanding (CLOU, pronounced ‘clue’) the following steps would be followed:
- Write a personal mission statement (or personal service mission).
- Spell out all the roles to which you commit.
- For each role, specify what it does, what authority you believe you should have (act, recommend, decide or a combination of these), what indicators will help you understand if you are doing a good job and what improvements you hope to make on those indicators.
- Share your CLOUs and in the light of discussion and exploration, revise and align them with the goal of being the best you wish to be in fulfilling the team’s and the organization’s purpose (in the light of your own aspirations!).
- Once completed, CLOUs can be shared with appropriate others in the organization at large.
- Thereafter, begin the process of evolution in the light of experience.
Appendix 3b: Decision-making
Decision-making
The following is an outline of a well-proven approach to group decision-making as taken by most Evolutionary-Teal organizations and many others besides.
Begin by agreeing who will facilitate the process. Thereafter,
- Present the proposal – The proposer states his/her proposal and the issue(s) it is attempting to resolve.
- Clarifying questions – Anybody can ask clarifying questions to seek information or understanding. This point is not yet the moment for reactions, and the facilitator should interrupt any question that is cloaking a reaction to the proposal.
- Reaction round – Each person is given space to react to the proposal. Discussions and responses are not allowed at this stage.
- Amend and clarify – The proposer can clarify the intent of his/her proposal further or amend it based on the feedback from step 3.
- Objection round – The facilitator asks, “Do you see any reasons why adopting this proposal would cause harm or move us backwards?” Objections are stated and captured without discussion; the proposal is adopted if none surface.
- Integration – If an objection is raised, the facilitator leads an open discussion to craft an amended proposal that would avoid the objection while still addressing the proposer’s concern/objective. If several objections are raised, they get addressed in this way one at a time, until all are removed.
- Should it not be possible to make a required or desired decision through this process, recourse to ‘Managing conflict’ would be the next step (see Appendix 3d).
Appendix 3c: Team Performance Reviews
Team Performance Reviews
(for monthly, quarterly or annual use)
Aspirations
– When we think about our work in the coming month/quarter/year ahead, what aspirations will guide us?
Reviewing the past
– What has gone really well this month/quarter/year that we can celebrate?
– What didn’t go as well or might have been done differently?
Learning
– What have we learned from what went really well?
– What have we learned from what didn’t go so well or might have been done differently?
Looking forward
– What are we most excited about achieving in this next month/quarter/year?
– What concerns us most?
– What changes, if any, do we suggest in our functions?
– What new protocols will help us in the coming month/quarter/year?
– What on-going development will help us to improve in the coming month/quarter/year?
– Who can be of help to us and and how?
Appendix 3d: Managing conflict
Managing conflict
Given the growing complexity of living and working in the 21st Century, and the evolving aspirations of successive generations, disagreement is inevitable and can be healthy. At its best, it allows new and diverse perspectives to be explored and well-informed resolutions to be reached. Its absence may indicate over-accommodation, over-protection, ‘group-think’ or withdrawal. But when disagreement cannot be resolved fully and authentically, conflict is likely to arise. This too can be healthy, as it is often the product of passionately held beliefs that need to be fully surfaced and understood. But it becomes unhealthy when the emotional content results in the generation of more heat than light, and when there is no recourse to a supportive process for resolving the conflict.
In self-managing teams, wherever possible, disagreements are resolved amongst peers using a conflict resolution process. This process is so fundamental to collaboration without hierarchy that many organizations train every new recruit in conflict resolution. This may be a thought for the future. But for now, as we engage in our informed experiment, the following is offered as a starting point for due process.
This process (called by some ‘Direct Communication and Gaining Agreement’) applies to any type of disagreement. It can be a difference of opinion about a technical decision in a given situation. It can be interpersonal conflict. Or it can be related to performance issues when one colleague feels that another is doing a poor job or not pulling their weight. Whatever the topic, the process starts with one person asking another to gain agreement.
- In a first phase, they sit together and try to sort it out privately. The initiator has to make a clear request (not a judgement, not a demand), and the other person has to respond clearly to the request (with a “yes” or a “no” or a counterproposal).
- If they can’t find a solution agreeable to both of them, they nominate a colleague they both trust to act as a mediator. The colleague supports the parties in finding agreement but cannot impose a resolution.
- If mediation fails, a panel of topic-relevant colleagues is convened. The panel’s rule is, again, to listen and help shape agreement. It cannot force a decision, but usually carries enough moral weight for matters to come to a conclusion.
- In an ultimate step, the Chief Executive might be called into the panel, to add to the panel’s moral weight.
All parties who become involved in the process are expected to respect confidentiality during and after their involvement. This confidentiality also applies of course to the two persons at the heart of the conflict. They must resolve their disagreement between themselves and are discouraged from spreading the conflict by enlisting support and building rival factions.
In Laloux’s discussions with many Evolutionary-Teal organizations, he found this to be a common mechanism for conflict resolution: first a one-to-one discussion, then mediation by a trusted peer, and finally mediation by a panel. He ultimately came to the understanding that this process is about more than simply managing the occasional workplace conflict. Conflict resolution is a core aspect of interlocking self-management practices. It is the mechanism through which peers hold each other to account for their mutual commitments. In traditional management structures, when one person doesn’t deliver, colleagues grumble and complain but leave it to the person’s boss to do something about it. In self-managing teams, people step up and challenge colleagues who fail to uphold their commitments in a mature and objective manner.
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Refocusing me – my new working day challenge
A great initiative from a dear friend and colleague …
A to Z of Management and Leadership: ‘Coach’
For my brief explanatory video on ‘Coach’, go to:
To download a free (pdf) workbook, follow the link below:
As a leader, adopting a coaching style to support and challenge your staff can be one of the best investments you make. By asking your staff the right questions, challenging their actions and supporting them to make changes, you will be engaging in the most effective way to improve their performance. One approach to coaching that has been successfully adopted by many managers and professionals utilises the GROW model. GROW stands for:
Goal, Reality, Options, and Will
My free PDF looks at this in more detail.
Why not download your free copy and discover how you can use coaching to significantly improve the performance of your staff? It also includes a range of exercises that will help you develop your coaching style, with the help of your friends, colleagues, team members, and team as a whole.
Download your copy by following the link below.
A to Z of Management and Leadership: ‘Balance’
For my brief explanatory video on ‘Balance’, go to:
To download a free (pdf) workbook, follow the link below:
http://bit.ly/1HcIqQZ
By definition, balance is achieved when different elements of a whole are equal or in the correct proportions. With that in mind, you may be wondering why balance is so important in business…
Well, one of the ways it’s needed is to maintain a balance of perspectives when assessing how well a business is doing. Managers and leaders must be able to consider balance within the context of an evolving set of organisational aspirations, market forces, social changes, and economic realities. One way businesses can explore diverse perspectives on performance is by using a tool called the Balanced Scorecard. This looks at how the organisation is performing in relation to their mission, focussing on 4 key aspects; Finance, Customer, Internal Processes, and Learning and Growth.
If you’d like to discover the 5 essential principles for creating and maintaining a balanced, strategy-focused organisation, download your free copy of the ‘Balance’ workbook – http://bit.ly/1HcIqQZ
2015 in review
The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2015 annual report for this blog.
Here’s an excerpt:
The concert hall at the Sydney Opera House holds 2,700 people. This blog was viewed about 33,000 times in 2015. If it were a concert at Sydney Opera House, it would take about 12 sold-out performances for that many people to see it.
A to Z of Management and Leadership: Aspiration
For my brief explanatory video on ‘Aspiration’, go to …
To download a free (pdf) workbook, follow the link below:
http://bit.ly/1KXoiks
Aspiration, by definition, is a strong desire to achieve something. What many organisation’s don’t realise, however, is that a clearly identified aspiration is its most important asset. The aspiration of an organisation is typically stated in a vision or mission statement, and is often associated with delivering their service to the highest possible standard. But in order to succeed and achieve, an organisation’s people must share the same aspiration. There are three key elements behind an individual’s desire to achieve:
• How clear they are about what they want to achieve,
• How realistic it is for them to achieve it, and
• How much they value achieving it.
It is the combination of these fundamentals that determines a person’s level of motivation. Therefore, it is vital that an organisation provides a clear picture as to where the team is heading and, as importantly, why. This gives individual’s something to work towards within the context of the desired end result.
If you believe you or your team could benefit from exploring the concept of ‘Aspiration’ more fully, simply download my free workbook. It contains some thought-provoking ideas and an exercise to further develop you and your team.
To download a free (pdf) workbook, follow the link below:
http://bit.ly/1KXoiks
Transactional Analysis and Leadership
At the core of the theory of Transactional Analysis (TA) is the belief that from early childhood we develop the ego-states of Parent, Adult and Child. All three ego-states (and their sub-categories) are present within us during our lives and will feature to a greater or lesser extent depending on how we interact and socialize with others. The ego-states display themselves in our attitudes, emotions and in our language. When we are being supportive we may use the language of the Nurturing Parent: “Let me help you”. When we are in control we may use the language of the Critical Parent “I need you to do this”. When we are rational, aware and free to choose we will tend to use Adult language: “So, here’s the challenge, what are our options here?”. And, when we are feeling insecure or perhaps playful or rebellious, we may use Childlike language: “Please give me some heIp”; “I’ve just had a great idea” or “Who are you to tell me what to do?”.
It is worth noting that when we refer to the use of certain styles of language, this might be either private (our “inner voice”) or public (expressed in our interactions with others). In some circumstances, the inner voice and the expressed communications are unaligned … i.e. we are playing a role that is unauthentic to our natural self. This may be functional or dysfunctional.
None of the ego-states (Parent, Adult or Child) are good or bad and all have a role to play in building and maintaining effective relationships with others. Sometimes, we need to take the lead and enforce standards (Critical Parent); sometimes support others in difficulty (Nurturing Parent); sometimes be intuitive and pick up the unexpressed words and/or emotions of others (Primitive Adult); sometimes be logical, fact-based and self-aware (Rational Adult); sometimes openly express our vulnerability or joy (Free Child); sometimes break some rules (Rebellious Child); sometimes ‘please’ others (Adapted Child).
Though none of the ego states are intrinsically good or bad, each might present problems if overused or inappropriately applied. For example, if overused, the Critical Parenting ego-state might result in becoming over-bearing or domineering; the Nurturing Parent might become stifling or disabling; the Primitive Adult might suffer paralysis through analysis; the Rational Adult might result in emotional detachment or a lack of imagination; the Free Child might lead to narcism or unrealistic optimism; the Rebellious Child might result in aggression or sabotage; and the Adapted Child might lead to dependency or exploitation.
We use these ego-states in a dynamic way, as we interact and are influenced by others. If a manager uses a Parenting style, it is likely to trigger either a Childlike response from a staff member or a confrontational riposte from a peer. If, however, an Adult style is adopted, it is more likely to trigger a “parallel” Adult response.
It is the implications of TA in group dynamics and in human development that make the subject such an important one for organizational leaders.
The crucial point is firstly to recognize our own ego-states. Here are some questions that may help in your personal explorations:
- What ego-state predominates in your personal thoughts and interactions with people?
- What triggers a change of state in you as a leader?
- How are you different with certain people?
- What particular situations lead to a shift in your mind-set and/or behaviour?
- What are the implications of these patterns on your success as a leader?
- What can you do to improve the leadership you provide to your team?
Next, you might consider what’s going on in your team. What language do you hear? Are you hearing the language of Adults who are problem-solving and making confident and functional decisions? Maybe you are hearing the language of Children who are trying to please at all costs (Adapted Child), or fighting against every attempt at change or improvement (Rebellious Child). Or maybe you are hearing Critical Parents who are blaming others for the ills of the operations.
Next, think about your work culture. Is your organization kept in check by a powerful directive leader (Critical Parent)? Is it ‘looked after’ by caring and supportive leader (Nurturing Parent)? Is it continuously developing and improving through a leader that empowers (combined Primitive and Rational Adult leader)? Is it allowed to run like a country-club (Free Child leader)? Is it overly influenced by a leader who is in conflict with external forces (Rebellious Child leader)?
Here are some further questions that may help in your explorations:
- What is the impact of the organizational leader’s style on the way work gets done?
- What behaviours are encouraged/discouraged by the organization’s over-riding culture?
- What can you do to most effectively work within the organization?
An awareness of TA ego-states can make us become better leaders by increasing our awareness of the hidden “scripts” that shape our mind-sets and behaviours. A presumption underling TA theory and practice is that increasing the amount of Adult-to-Adult interactions we have accelerates the growth and development of ALL individuals involved in the interaction.
Adult-to-Adult conversations are indicated by four main competencies:
- The readiness to listen to others in order to build awareness;
- The use of questioning to generate options and choices;
- The exchange of frank and open feedback to build mutual understanding;
- Taking ownership for decisions and outcomes.
If you’ve found this article interesting, here are some of the other places that I make resources available:
My website … http://www.theknowledge.biz/
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